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Apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple tree. Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found today. The global apple market was finally on the rise to reach 78.8 Billion Dollars in 2019, after four years of decline.
Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists.
Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse, Greek, and European Christian traditions.
Top exporters of Apple fruit are:
- Poland
- China
- Italy
- U.S.
- Chile
Top importers of Apple fruit are:
- Russia
- Germany
- UK
- Egypt
- Bangladesh
- India
- Netherlands
- Belarus
- Vietnam
- Spain
- Canada
- China
The global apple market was finally on the rise to reach 78.8 Billion Dollars in 2019, after four years of decline. Over the period under review, the total market indicated a temperate expansion from 2007 to 2019: its value increased at an average annual rate of plus 2.1 percent over the last twelve-year period.
The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2014 with an increase of 16 percent. Global consumption peaked in 2019 and is expected to retain growth in the immediate term.
Since apple constitutes a kind of staple food, the apple market is not too susceptible to falling incomes and economic downturns. However, apples are consumed widely in the HoReCa sector which suffered heavily from the pandemic. Given those assumptions, the contraction of the market in the short term of 2020 might be perceptible but not disastrous. In the medium term, the market growth may be hampered by the possible lack of investment in apple orchards in 2020 due to the economic uncertainty and tight financial conditions for both farmers and investors.
Major supply chain risk comes from possible weather effects rather than the economic crisis. It may be caused by the mild temperatures during the winter season which is particularly relevant for Eastern Europe. The mild temperatures could also result in an early blooming that may later cause the fruits to suffer the risk of a freeze.
Certain supply chain risks also exist with regard to quarantine measures. While workers are locked down, the period of the treatment of trees begins, which is followed by the flowering period; those periods are critical for the appropriate orchard management. This may reduce the future quality of apples or require additional pesticide use to treat plant diseases.
Moreover, in China, which is the largest producing country, there is a concern among beekeepers as they cannot serve their beehives appropriately due to the lockdown. This, in turn, may affect the pollination severely and thereby reduce harvests of fruits pollinated by bees; however, the impact of the problem may be rather local than systematically affect the entire market.
Apple Consumption by country:
China with 40 million tonnes remains the largest apple-consuming country worldwide, comprising approximately 48 percent of total volume. Moreover, apple consumption in China exceeded the figures recorded by the second-largest consumer, the U.S. with 4 million tonnes. Turkey with 2.7 million tonnes ranked third in terms of total consumption with a 3.3 percent share.
In China, apple consumption increased at an average annual rate of plus 3.4 percent over the period from 2007 to 2019. In the other countries, the average annual rates were as follows: the U.S. with plus 0.7 percent per year and Turkey with 0.9 percent per year.
In value terms, China with 44.9 Billion Dollars led the market, alone. The second position in the ranking was occupied by the U.S. with 4.6 Billion Dollars. It was followed by France.
The countries with the highest levels of apple per capita consumption in 2019 were Poland with 45 kg per person, Turkey with 33 kg per person, and Iran with 33 kg per person.
Global Apple Production Between 2007 to 2019:
In 2019, the production of apples increased by 6.7 percent to 84 million tonnes for the first time since 2016, thus ending a two-year declining trend. The total output volume increased at an average annual rate of Plus 2.1 percent from 2007 to 2019; the trend pattern remained consistent, with only minor fluctuations throughout the analyzed period.
The pace of growth was the most pronounced in 2011 with an increase of 8.1 percent year to year.
Global Apple Exports:
Global apple exports reached 8.2M tonnes in 2019, remaining constant against 2018. Overall, exports saw a relatively flat trend pattern. The pace of growth was the most pronounced in 2015 with an increase of 11 percent against the previous year. As a result, exports reached a peak of 9.3M tonnes. From 2016 to 2019, the growth of global exports remained at a somewhat lower figure.
In value terms, apple exports dropped to 7 Billion Dollars in 2019. The total export value increased at an average annual rate of plus 1.2 percent from 2007 to 2019; the trend pattern remained consistent, with somewhat noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period.
Apple Exports by country:
The shipments of the five major exporters of apples, namely Poland, China, Italy, the U.S., and Chile, represented more than half of the total export. It was followed by South Africa with 464 thousand tonnes, New Zealand with 432 thousand tonnes, and France with 381 thousand tonnes, together creating a 16 percent share of total exports. Turkey with 256 thousand tonnes, Moldova with 255 thousand tonnes, Serbia with 217 thousand tonnes and Belgium with 195 thousand tonnes took a minor share of total exports.
From 2007 to 2019, the biggest increases in global exportation were in Turkey, while shipments for the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.
In value terms, China made 1.2 billion dollars, the U.S made 962 million dollars and Italy made 841 million dollars. These were the countries with the highest levels of exports in 2019, with a combined 44 percent share of global exports. Chile, New Zealand, France, South Africa, Poland, Serbia, Moldova, Belgium, and Turkey lagged somewhat behind, together comprising a further 39 percent.
Export prices by country:
The average apple export price stood at 853 dollars per tonne in 2019, which is down by minus 6.6 percent from the previous year. In general, the export price, however, recorded a relatively flat trend pattern. The pace of growth appeared the most rapid in 2011 when the average export price increased by 14 percent year to year. The global export price peaked at 913 dollars per tonne in 2018 and then fell in the following year.
Prices varied noticeably by the country of origin; the country with the highest price was New Zealand selling at 1,311 dollars per tonne, while Turkey which sold at 350dollars per tonne was amongst the lowest.
From 2007 to 2019, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by China, while the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.
Global Apple Imports between 2007 to 2019:
In 2019, global apple imports shrank slightly to 8 million tonnes. Overall, imports, however, showed a relatively flat trend pattern. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2015 when imports increased by 14 percent against the previous year. As a result, imports reached a peak of 9.7 million tonnes. From 2016 to 2019, the growth of global imports remained at a somewhat lower figure.
In value terms, apple imports shrank modestly to 7.2 Billion Dollars in 2019. The total import value increased at an average annual rate of plus 1.6 percent from 2007 to 2019; the trend pattern remained consistent, with only minor fluctuations being recorded in certain years.
Apple Imports by country:
Russia imported 701 thousand tonnes and Germany with 603 thousand tonnes represented roughly 16 percent of total imports of apples in 2019. The UK with 342 thousand tonnes, Egypt imported 297 thousand tonnes, Bangladesh imported 252 thousand tonnes, India imported 250 thousand tonnes, the Netherlands imported 242 thousand tonnes, Belarus imported 222 thousand tonnes, Vietnam's importation was 219 thousand tonnes, Spain imported 218 thousand tonnes, Canada imported 202 thousand tonnes and China alongside Hong Kong imported 189 thousand tonnes all followed a long way behind the leaders.
From 2007 to 2019, the most notable rate of growth in terms of purchases, among the main importing countries, was attained by Egypt, while imports for the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.
In value terms, the largest apple importing markets worldwide were Germany valued at 482 million dollars, the UK valued at 424 million dollars, and Russia valued at 394 million dollars, together accounting for 18 percent of global imports. Vietnam, the Netherlands, India, China, Hong Kong, Canada, Bangladesh, Spain, Egypt, and Belarus lagged somewhat behind, together accounting for a further 27 percent.
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Conclusion
The global apple market was on the rise to reach 78.8 Billion Dollars in 2019, after four years of decline. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2014 with an increase of 16 percent. Global consumption peaked in 2019 and is expected to retain growth in the immediate term. In China, apple consumption increased at an average annual rate of plus 3.4 percent over the period from 2007 to 2019. In value terms, China with 44.9 Billion Dollars led the market, alone. The second position in the ranking was occupied by the U.S. with 4.6 Billion Dollars. In value terms, apple exports dropped to 7 Billion Dollars in 2019. The total export value increased at an average annual rate of plus 1.2 percent from 2007 to 2019. Poland, China, Italy, the U.S., and Chile represented more than half of the total export. In 2019, global apple imports shrank slightly to 8 million tonnes. The total import value increased at an average annual rate of plus 1.6 percent from 2007 to 2019. Largest apple importing markets were Germany, the UK, Russia and the Netherlands.
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